Improved satellite measurements and computer simulations of ice sheets are creating a more accurate picture of the current and future rise in global sea level, according to an international team of climate experts including Slawek Tulaczyk, a professor of Earth and planetary sciences at UC Santa Cruz.
The team's study, published in the June 6 issue of Nature, found that Antarctic ice loss might be only half of what has previously been reported. But the researchers also confirmed a major loss of mass from the Greenland Ice Sheet, calculated to be twice as large as the Antarctic contribution to global sea-level rise.
The collaboration, led by Edward Hanna of the University of Sheffield, brought together scientists from twelve polar research centers across the world to study advances in both observations and simulations of ice-sheet mass changes.
Global sea level is currently rising at a rate just over three millimeters (about an eighth of an inch) per year, due to a combination of melting ice and the expansion of seawater driven by warming. Future increases in mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets are expected to significantly enhance the rate of global sea-level rise as these ice-sheet changes become an increasingly dominant contributor. Considerable uncertainty remains in predictions, however, as ice sheets show a complex response to climate change, which is only now becoming apparent through the use of improved computer models.
The Nature paper, "Ice-sheet mass balance and climate change," shows how uncertainties in modeling methods have been reduced thanks to better theoretical understanding of ice sheet physics and advances in measurement techniques that make use of radar, laser, and satellite data. These advances allow scientists to better predict the impact of climate change on ice-sheet mass balance and global sea-level rise. Many of these improvements took place since the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Report declared that understanding of ice sheet behavior was insufficient to reliably predict future evolution of ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland.
Tulaczyk, who has been studying the physics of ice sheet motion for the the past two decades, reviewed advances in how ice-sheet boundary conditions are treated in computer models. "Since the 2007 IPCC report, the pace of improvement in representing key ice sheet processes in numerical models has been really impressive," he said. "However, there are still significant gaps in knowledge, and assumptions used to bridge these gaps tend to make simulated ice sheets change relatively slowly over time. The danger is that this bias may make it difficult for computer models to predict a sharp acceleration in ice sheet contribution to the rate of future sea level rise."
Hanna, the paper's lead author, said estimates of mass change of ice sheets have begun to converge in the last year, although considerable uncertainty still remains concerning the current rate of mass change for the Antarctic Ice Sheet.
"We believe the current contribution to global sea-level rise from the Antarctic Ice Sheet might be only half that reported in some previous major studies just a year or two ago," Hanna said. "We also confirm previous results suggesting an accelerating major loss of mass, at double the Antarctic rate, from the Greenland Ice Sheet."
The study was a collaboration between experts at the Department of Geography, University of Sheffield; Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain; Laboratoire de Glaciologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, Tasmania, Australia; Department of Geography, University of Liège, Belgium; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology; Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, UK; Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement, CNRS, France; Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington; Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz; Department of Geography, Durham University, UK; and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory.
