Researchers at UC Santa Cruz have developed a robotic "nanobiopsy" system that can extract tiny samples from inside a living cell without killing it. The single-cell nanobiopsy technique is a powerful tool for scientists working to understand the dynamic processes that occur within living cells, according to Nader Pourmand, professor of biomolecular engineering in UCSC's Baskin School of Engineering.
"We can take a biopsy from a living cell and go back to the same cell multiple times over a couple of days without killing it. With other technologies, you have to sacrifice a cell to analyze it," said Pourmand, who leads the Biosensors and Bioelectrical Technology group at UCSC.
The nanobiopsy platform is the latest device his group has developed that uses nanopipettes, which are small glass tubes that taper to a fine tip with a diameter of just 50 to 100 nanometers. "We can create nanopipettes in the lab--it doesn't require an expensive nanofabrication facility," Pourmand said. "To go into a cell, however, the problem is that you cannot see the tip, even with a high-end microscope, so you don't know how far away from the cell it is."
Adam Seger, a postdoctoral researcher in the lab (now at MagArray in Sunnyvale), solved this problem by developing a feedback control system based on a customized scanning ion conductance microscope (SICM). The system uses an ion current across the tip of the nanopipette as a feedback signal, detecting a drop in the current when the tip gets close to the cell surface. An automated control system positions the nanopipette tip just above the cell surface and then plunges it down quickly to penetrate the cell membrane. Manipulating the voltage triggers the controlled uptake of a minute quantity of cellular material. Because the tip is so fine, it causes minimal disruption of the cell.
In a study published in ACS Nano, Pourmand's group used the system to extract from living cells tiny amounts of cellular material estimated to be about 50 femtoliters (a femtoliter is one quadrillionth of a liter). That's about one percent of the volume of a human cell. The researchers were able to extract and sequence RNA from individual human cancer cells. They also extracted mitochondria (tiny subcellular organelles) from human fibroblasts and sequenced the mitochondrial DNA.
"Mitochondria are known to be involved in many neurodegenerative diseases. This technology can be used to shed light on the importance of mutations in the mitochondrial genome," Pourmand said.
There are many potential uses for this technology, and Pourmand said he is eager to develop collaborations with other researchers and explore different applications. "It is a versatile platform for anyone trying to understand what is happening inside the cell, including cancer biologists, stem cell biologists, and others," he said.
Paolo Actis, now at Imperial College London, and UCSC graduate student Michelle Maalouf are the lead authors of the ACS Nano paper. The coauthors include Pourmand, Seger, graduate student John Kim, undergraduate Akshar Lohith, and postdoctoral researcher Boaz Vilozny (now at Senova Systems in Sunnyvale).
